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Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan (12 March 1913 – 25 November 1984) was the firstChief Minister of Maharashtra after the division of Bombay State and the fifth Deputy Prime Minister of India. We will write a custom essay sample on Report of seasonal goods or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He was a strong Congress leader, Co-operative leader, social activist and writer. He was popularly known as Leader of Common People. He advocated social democracy in his speeches and articles and was instrumental in establishing co-operatives in Maharashtra for the betterment of the farmers. YASHWANTRAO CHAVAN BIO Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan (12 March 1913 25 November 1984) was the first Chief Minister of Maharashtra after the division of Bombay State, and subsequently Deputy Prime Minister of India. He was Chief Minister of Maharashtra from May 1, 1960 to November 19, 1962. Yashwantrao Chavan was born in the village of Devrashtre in Karad Taluka of Satara District of Maharashtra State of India. Apart from being the first Chief Minister of Maharashtra, he occupied the high positions of Defence Minister, Home Minister, Finance Minister, Foreign Minister, and Deputy Prime Minister of India. Yashwantrao Chavan was commonly known as Chavan saheb. While he later championed the view associated with the term Sanyukta Maharashtra, under the influence of Jawaharlal Nehru he almost accepted a bilingual state of Maharashtra[citation needed]. He had planned to write his autobiography in three parts. First part covering his early years in Satara district. His native place is situated on the banks of Krishna River and therefore the name of the first part was Krishna Kath (The bank of the Krishna River). In the middle phase of his political development he was the Chief Minister of bilingual Bombay state and later from 1 st May 1960, the newly formed Maharashtra state. All these years were spent in Mumbai so the proposed name for the second volume was Sagar Tir. Later in 1962 he was appointed Defence Minister of India by Nehru. From then onwards he was in Delhi until his death in 1984; so he had proposed the name Yamuna Kath for his third volume. He was able to complete and publish only the first volume. He was a capable orator and writer. He strongly advocated socialist democracy and was instrumental in establishing co-operatives in Maharashtra for the betterment of the farmers. In 1989, an open university named Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University was established in Maharashtra after his name. Marotrao Kannamwar Marotrao Shambshio Kannamwar was an Indian politician who served as Chief Ministerof Maharashtra from 20 November 1962 to 24 November 1963. He represent Saoli Vidhan Sabha constituency in Bombay State in 1957 and of theMaharashtra State from 1960–1962. .[1] He was re-elected fron Saoli in 1962 elections to the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha. He died while in office on 24 November 1963. [2] P. K. Sawant P. K. Sawant was caretaker Chief Minister of Maharashtra, an Indian state. [1] He held the position during 25 November 1963 to 4 December 1963, after death of his predecessor Marotrao Kannamwar. Marotrao Kannamwar became the chief minister of Maharashtra for the period 10th November 1962 to 24th November 1963. He started the National Defence Fund and the Kapus Ekadhikar Yojana, an umbrella scheme for cotton. He died while in office so the charge was taken over by P. K. Sawant as a caretaker Chief Minister for the period 25th November 1963 to 4th November 1963. Vasantrao Naik Vasantrao Phulsing Naik (1 July 1913 – 1979[citation needed]) was an Indian politician who served as Chief Minister of Maharashtra from 1963 until 1975. Till date he remains as the longest serving chief minister of Maharashtra. Also, he had a credit to return to power after completion of full five years which could not be possible for any other chief minister in Maharashtra, He was born in Gavli, Pusad in 1913. His experience in grassroots politics made him a responsible legislator. He was a staunch supporter of Yashwantrao Chavan. He was a Member of Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh during 1952-1957, the then bilingual Bombay State during 1957-1960 and of Maharashtra during 1960 to 1977. In 1952 he was appointed Deputy Minister for Revenue in the Government of Madhya Pradesh. He was made Minister for Cooperation in 1957 and later Minister for Agriculture in the Government of Bombay State. From 1960 to 1963 he was Minister for Revenue in Government of Maharashtra. After the death of Mr. Marotrao Kannamwar, he was elected Chief Minister of Maharashtra, a post which he held for more than eleven years during 1963-1975. He was the father of theGreen Revolution in Maharashtra. The industrialization of Maharashtra is largely the legacy of his progressive industrial policies. Later his nephew Sudhakarrao Naik also became Chief Minister of Maharashtra. Many journalists and experts of political studies view him to put down communists in Mumbai through rise of right wing party Shivsena in 70s. He was also elected to 6th Lok Sabha from Washim (Lok Sabha constituency) in 1977. [1] The Shri Vasantrao Naik Government Medical College in Yavatmal city of Maharashtrastate, was named in his honour. Vasantrao Naik followed him as a Chief Minister of Maharashtra and occupied the post from 5th December 1963 to 20th February 1975. Some of the important features of his tenure were: purchase of crops like cotton, jowar, rice etc. by the government, sanctioning loans to farmers to buy cattle, rural employment guarantee scheme, poverty eradication scheme, founding of agricultural universities, establishment of open prisons, government lottery and making Marathi the official State language. Shankarrao Chavan Shankarrao Bhavrao Chavan (14 July 1920 – 26 February 2004) was an Indian politician who served twice as Chief Minister of Maharashtra from 1975 until 1977 and from 13 March 1986 until 24 June 1988. He was Finance Minister of India from 1987 to 1990, and served as Home Minister of India in the Narasimha Rao cabinet. Career Member Bombay State Legislative Council, 1956 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, 1957–80 Lok Sabha, 1980–84 and 1985–86 Maharashtra Legislative Council, 8 July 1986 – 21 October 1988 Member of Rajya Sabha from Maharshtra 28 October 1988- 2 April 1990, April 1990 April 1996 and April 1996 April 2002 [4] Committee on Rules, Rajya Sabha, 1992–96; Cabinet Minister, Government of India Education, Culture and Social Welfare, 19 October 1980 – 7 August 1981 Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, 8 August 1981 to 18 July 1984 External Affairs, 19 July 1984 August 1, 1984 Defence, 2 August 1984 December 30, 1984 Home, 31 December 1984 – 12 March 1986 Finance 25 June 1988 – 2 December 1989 Home, 21 June 1991 to May, 1996; Leader Congress(I) Party in Rajya Sabha 2 July 1991 May 15, 1996 Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha from 2 July 1991 to 15 May 1996 elected to the Rajya Sabha in October, 1988, re-elected in April, 1990 and again in April, 1996. Vasantdada Patil Vasantdada Patil (November 13, 1917 – March 1, 1989) was an Indian politician fromSangli, Maharashtra. He was known as the first modern Maratha strongman[citation needed]and first mass leader in Maharashtras politics. He was the Chief Minister of Maharashtra from May 17, 1977 to July 18, 1978 and again from February 2, 1983 to June 1, 1985. He also served as Governor of Rajasthan from 1985 to 1987. Political career On 25 April 1946 he was released and was welcomed by Sangli people. After Independence he started working on farmers problems. He established a Market Committee in 1951, with the main intention of giving proper prices to agriculture products. In 1958, he with his friends Dhulappa Bhaurao Navale,Rambhau Arwade,Abasaheb Shinde,Shankarao Shinde,Abasheb Kulkarni(Khebudkar) started the largest Co-operative Sugar factory on 90 acres (360,000 m2) of land. In 1960, he started an Industrial Society on 135 acres (0. 55 km2) land. ITI were started to give technical training to youth. He made efforts to increase irrigation in Sangli. In 1960 he became the chief promoter of the Groundnut Processors Co-operative Society. In the field of education he was Chairman of Latthe Education Society. He started Miraj Medical College, Civil hospital, Akashwani (All India Radio station) at Sangli. While active in politics from 1937, he was first appointed a Minister from 1972 until 1976 under Chief Minister Vasantrao Naik. In 1976 he was dropped from the Maharashtra Cabinet. He was the first minister to oppose the reservations on the basis of the caste system. This was in accordance to the guidelines of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar[clarification needed]. Due to this, he had to face the wrath of the so called secular Indian National Congress. He was very disappointed, but overcoming his disappointment, he became Chief Minister of Maharashtra three times between 1976 to 1985. He was also elected as a member of 7th Lok Sabha from Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency) in 1980. [1] Sharad Pawar Sharad Chandra Govindrao Pawar (Marathi: ; born 12 December 1940) is the president of the Nationalist Congress Party which he founded in 1999, after separating from the Indian National Congress. He has previously held the posts of Minister of Defence and Chief Minister of Maharashtra . Pawar currently serves as Minister of Agriculture, Government of India. Pawar is from the town of Baramati in the Pune district ofMaharashtra. He leads the NCP delegation in the Lok Sabha, representing his constituency of Madha in Maharashtra. He holds a position of prominence in national politics as well as the regional politics of Maharashtra, although marred by frequent allegations of corruption. Pawar also served as the Chairman of the Board of Control for Cricket in India from 2005 to 2008. In 2010, Sharad Pawar became the International Cricket Council president after Englands David Morgan. [1] Political career 1967 1990 Sharad Pawar entered the Maharashtra legislative assembly for the first time in 1967 fromBaramati, representing the undivided Congress Party. Yashwantrao Chavan was the political mentor of Sharad Pawar. [3] Pawar broke away from the Congress to form a coalition government with the Janata Partyin 1978, becoming the Chief Minister of Maharashtra for the first time at a time when Indira Gandhi had become incredibly unpopular due to her imposition of Emergency in 1975[citation needed]. This Progressive Democratic Front government was dismissed in February 1980, following Indira Gandhis return to power at the Centre. In the 1980 elections the Congress(I) party won the majority in state assembly and A. R. Antulay,took over as the chief minister of the state. Pawar took over the Presidency of his Congress(S) in 1983. For the first time, he won Lok Sabha election from Baramatiparliamentary constituency in 1984. He also won state assembly elections of March 1985 from Baramati and preferred to continue in state politics for a while and resigned from the Lok Sabha. His party, the Indian Congress (Socialist) won 54 seats out of 288 in the state assembly and he became the leader of the opposition. His returning to the Congress (I) in 1987 has been cited as a reason for the rise of the Shiv Sena at that time. Pawar had stated at the time, the need to save the COngress Culture in Maharashtra, as his reason for returning to Congress. In June 1988, Prime Minister of India and Congress President Rajiv Gandhidecided to induct then Maharashtra Chief Minister Shankarrao Chavan into Union Cabinet as Finance Minister and Sharad Pawar was chosen to replace Chavan as chief minister. Sharad Pawar had the task of checking the rise of the Shiv Sena in state politics, which was a potential challenge to the dominance of Congress party in the state[citation needed]. In 1989 Lok Sabha elections, Congress party won 28 seats out of 48 in Maharashtra. In the state assembly elections of February 1990, the alliance between the Shiv Sena and theBharatiya Janata Party posed a stiff challenge to the Congress. Congress fell short of an absolute majority in the state assembly, winning 141 seats out of 288. Sharad Pawar was sworn in as chief minister again on 4 March 1990 with the support of 12 independent or unaffiliated members of Maharashtra State Legislative Assembly (MLAs). A R Antulay Abdul Rehman Antulay was born in Kankidi, Maharashtra (born February 9, 1929[1]) was a union minister (Minority Affairs) and an MP in the 14th Lok Sabha of India. Earlier he had been the Chief Minister of the state of Maharashtra, but was forced to resign after being convicted by the Bombay High Court on charges that he had extorted money for a trust fund he managed. He belongs to the Congress Member of Parliament (MP). In the Indian general elections, 2009, he lost to Anant Geete from the Raigad (Lok Sabha constituency) of Maharashtra. Life He was born to father Shri Hafiz Abdul Gafoor and mother Zohrabi in the village Ambet District, Raigad, Maharashtra, India. He is married to Nargis Antulay and the couple have one son and three daughters. After appearing for B. A examination, he studied Barrister-At -Law, Educated at Bombay University and Lincolns Inn, London. Antulay was a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from 1962[2] to 1976, during which time he served in the Maharashtra state government as Minister of State for Law and Judiciary, Ports and Fisheries and then as Minister of Law Judiciary, Building, Communication and Housing from October 1969 to February 1976. He was a member of the Rajya Sabha from 1976 to 1980; in 1980, he was again elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly and served as Chief Minister of Maharashtra from June 1980 to January 1982. He was forced to resign his post after allegations of corruption and a conviction in an extortion case. [3] He again got elected in 1985 election to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly[4] and remained until 1989, when he was elected to the 9th Lok Sabha. Hee was re-elected to the 10th Lok Sabha in 1991. From June 1995 to May 1996, he was Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare, and from February to May 1996 he was additionally in charge of Water Resources. In 1996 he was re-elected to the 11th Lok Sabha, and in 2004 he was elected to the 14th Lok Sabha. He has been Union Minister of Minority Affairs since January 29, 2006. [1] He was Union Minister for Ministry of Minority Affairs (India) under Manmohan Singhs government. He started his career as active social worker in 1945. As a social worker his notable achievements include construction of (i) a jetty on the bank of Savitri river, Bankot (Khadi) Creek through `Shramdan`. He also worked with own hands along with the villagers of Ambet; (ii) road between the village Ambet and Lonere Goregaon (then in Kolaba, now in Raigad district) to connect his village to NH-17. He had a keen interest in the Social causes like service of the weaker section of the society and up liftment of the unfortunates. [citation needed] On medias report of his involvement in corruption, he had to resign from the post of Chief Minister of Maharashtra. Babasaheb Bhosale Babasaheb Anantrao Bhosale (15 January 1921 – 6 October 2007) was an Indianpolitician who served as Chief Minister of Maharashtra from 21 January 1982, until 1 February 1983. [1] Personal life Barrister Babasaheb Anantrao Bhosale was born on 15 January 1921 at Kaledhon(satara) in western Maharashtra state. He received a law degree and passed the Bar at Law in 1951 from England after leaving his village on a grant returning afterwards. He practiced law for 8 years in Satara. He was then appointed as a member of the Maharashtra Revenue Tribunal for ten years. His consequent appointment to Chief Minister by Indira Gandhi came as a breath of fresh air in an unprecedented first time in the History of Maharashtra where a man with no political background was handpicked for possessing the dynamism that was required for the time. Political career Bhosale was an active member of the students union while pursuing his studies in law at Rajaram college, Kolhapur. He was a freedom fighter during the Indian freedom movement and was sentenced to suffer four and a half years of imprisonment for his role during the Indian freedom movement. While he was suffering his sentence at Yerwada Central Jail, veteran freedom fighter late Tulsidas Jadhav was also suffering imprisonment for his role during the Indian freedom movement at the same prison. After his release, Bhosales engagement took place at Yerwada Central Jail with Kalavati Babasaheb Bhosale, the daughter of late Tulsidas Jadhav since late Tulsidas Jadhav was still at the Yerwada Jail. This engagement which was witnessed by Mr. Advani, the then jailer of Yerwada Central Jail. Bhosale was first elected to the Maharashtra State Vidhan Sabha (state assembly) in 1980 as a representative of Nehru Nagar, which is located near Kurla suburb in Bombay. [2] Bhosale was appointed Chief Minister of Maharashtra in a surprise move by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to succeed Abdul Rehman Antulay. [1] Bhosale focused on the law and judiciary, labour, and transport departments while Chief Minister of the important Indian state. [1] His official residence in Malabar Hill in Bombay, which is calledVarsha, was renamed Raigad during his political tenure. [1] He was succeeded by Vasantdada Patil in 1983. [1] Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar Shivajirao Nilangekar Patil, is a leader of Indian National Congress party and a former chief minister of Maharashtra. He was chief minister from June 1985 to March 1986. He had to resign when the Bombay High Court passed strictures against him after his daughter’s marks in the MD exams were found to have been fudged. His rule was the briefest of all chief ministers (apart from caretaker chief minister P K Sawant). [1] Educational activities Nilangekar established the Maharashtra Education Trust 1968. Under the agies of his education Society around four senior colleges,12 Higher secondary schools and 15 primary schools established. Maharashtra Pharmacy College, Nilanga, www. mcpnilanga. com was established in 1984. Maharashtra Poly. ( D. Pharmacy) Institute Nilanga Govt. Aided started in 1981. Maharashtra College of Engineering in 1983. His interests include reading, classical music, volleyball and table tennis. He is known as one of clean personality of Maharashtra Politics. He was born in Nilanaga, a town in Maharashtra. Personal Life He has five children, 04 boys and 01 girl. Dilip S Patil,Dr. Sharad S Patil,Dr. Chandrakala Arun Dawle,Ashok S Patil and Vijay S Patil are his children. Dilip has 2 sons and 1 daughter. Dr. Sharad S Patil is married to Dr. Surekha S Patil, and they have two children, Dr. Sarvesh S Patil and Shruthi S Patil. Dr. Chandrakala is married to Dr. Arun Dawle, general surgeon, and they have two children,Dr. Kiran A Dawle and Jyoti Dawle. Ashok S Patil is married to Sangeeta A Patil, they have a daughter, Samriddhi S Patil. Vijay S Patil is married Vrushali V Patil, they have two children,Gautami V Patil and Prithvi V Patil. Sudhakarrao Naik Sudhakarrao Rajusing Naik (21 August 1934 – 10 May 2001) was an Indian politician who served as Chief Minister of Maharashtra from 25 June 1991 until 22 February 1993. Born at the remote Gavli village in Yavatmal district in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, he was nephew of Mr Vasantrao Naik who was Chief Minister of Maharashtra for 11 years. Career He started his political career from his rural base as Sarpanch or village head. He was Member of Legislative Assembly for Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha from Pusad (Vidhan Sabha constituency) 5 times winning elections of 1978, 1980, 1985, 1990 and 1999 elections. [1] He was the Chief Minister during the Mumbai riots of 1992–1993, and he did not do anything to stop the riots He became the Chief Minister of Maharashtra in 25 June 1991. His tenure was notorious for the severe failure to control the Bombay Riots. The Justice Srikrishna Commissionblames the effete political leadership of the Congress(I) Government headed by Sudhakarrao Naik and the police force, whose built-in bias against Muslims became more pronounced with murderous attacks on the constabulary and officers. The commission held that Sudhakarrao Naik failed to act promptly and effectively and give clear-cut directives. . [2] Mr Naiks tenure as Chief Minister was also noted for his attempt to destroy the clout of the Mumbai Underworld and bring them under the aegis of the law. He arrested the well-known gangsters Pappu Kalani, MLA from Ulhasnagar, and Bhai Thakur (brother of gangster-MLA Hitendra Thakur, and he started to destroy their money and muscle power. [3] However, politically, his differences with Sharad Pawar grew, and ultimately he had to resign. At one point, Sudhakarrao made a statement that Sharad Pawar had asked him to go easy on Pappu Kalani. [4] He is also remembered for his work in water conservation. He served as governor of Himachal Pradesh from 30 July 1994 to 17 September 1995. [5] In 1998, he was elected to 12th Lok Sabha from Washim (Lok Sabha constituency). [6] Manohar Joshi Manohar Gajanan Joshi, (Marathi: ) (born 2 December 1937) is anIndian politician from the state of Maharashtra. He is one of the prominent leaders of theShiv Sena political party. He was the Chief Minister of Maharashtra from 1995–1999. Background and family He was born in lower-middle-class family hailing from Raigad district. His forthfathers migrated from Beed district to Goregaon village of Raigad district. He got help from his other middle class relatives while studying. He was married on 14 May 1964 to Smt. Anagha Joshi, and has a son, Unmesh, and two daughters. Shri Manohar Joshi has been awarded a Doctorate (in Political Science) by Mumbai University in 2010. Formation of Kohinoor After MA in Law he joined in Brihan Mumbai Corporation (BMC) as an officer, but later started the Kohinoor technical/vocational training institute with the idea of an institute for semi–skilled youths to offer training as electrician, plumber, TV/radio/scooter repairman, photography. Eventually, he started multiple branches of Kohinoor in Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Nashik, etc. , and later he made an entry in construction and other capital-oriented business. Manohar Joshi also founded the Kohinoor Business School Kohinoor-IMI (Hospitality) Institutes in Khandala, Maharashtra. Political career Early years He began his career by being elected to the Legislative Council from the Shiv Sena. He served three terms from 1972 till 1989. He became the Mayor of Mumbai during 1976 to 1977. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly from a Shiv Sena ticket in 1990. [1] Chief Minister He became the first non-Congress Chief Minister of Maharashtra when the Shiv Sena-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) coalition came to power. Controversy and Resignation During his term as Chief Minister he was embroiled in a scam involving the change of reservation of a plot of land in Pune, which was being developed by his son-in-law, Girish Vyas. Just a couple of months prior to the High Court of Mumbai passing a verdict against Girish Vyas and terming the housing complex Sundew, illegal, under severe pressure from the opposition, Mr. Joshi resigned. [2] Later, the Supreme Court upheld the decision of the High Court[3] but set aside the order to conduct criminal investigation against the former Chief Minister. It asked Mr. Joshi to pay the litigant Rs 25,000, which he complied with. [4] Lok Sabha and Speaker He was promoted to the Lok Sabha when he won from Central Mumbai in the 1999 General Elections. He was the Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 2002 to 2004 during the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) administration. He was elected for a six-year term to the Rajya Sabha on 20 March 2006[5] after being defeated in the previous Lok Sabha election from the Central Mumbai constituency. Narayan Rane Narayan Rane (born 10 April 1952) is an Indian politician from the state Maharashtra and former Chief Minister of Maharashtra. He is currently the Minister for Industry, Port, Employment and Self-employment in the Government of Maharashtra. He was a member of Shiv Sena and also opposition leader of Vidhan Sabha until July 2005 and also, then he joined Indian National Congress party. Political Journey Narayan Rane joined Shivsena in his early twenties,and started his political journey as local Shakha Pramukh at Chembur, Mumbai. Rane made a humble beginning as the owner of a chicken shop in partnership with his friend and lived in Subhash Nagar- a subsidized housing society for low income families. Then he became the Councillor of Kopargaon. His relentless efforts to consolidate the Shiv Sena in the Sindhudurg taluka, mobilizing large groups of youth and growing popularity as a young dynamic leader caught the eye of Shiv Sena supremo Bal Thackeray. With the exit of Chagan Bhujbal from Shiv Sena in 1991, Rane gradually rose up within the ranks. In 1999, when Manohar Joshi stepped down from the post of Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Narayan Rane succeeded him. Differences arose within the Sena after Uddhav Thackeray was chosen as Shiv Sena working president. Rane publicly criticized Uddhav and questioned his administration abilities. This caused Shiv Sena to expel Rane from the party on 3 July 2005. Subsequently, he also resigned from the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. Rane later joined the Indian congress Party(I) and was made the Revenue Minister of Maharashtra, often perceived as a powerful ministry. Rane sought re-election from hisMalvan seat in the Konkan region on a Congress ticket and won with a lead of over 50,000 votes despite a well-fought and organised campaign by the Shiv Sena. Shiv Sena candidate Parshuram Uparkar even lost his deposit. It was first time in the history of Shiv Sena that the rebel had won. There is considerable rift between him and their allies fromNationalist Congress Party on various issues. These were more apparent during local body elections in 2011. Suspension From Indian congress Party(I) In the wake of Mumbai attacks in 2008 Vilasrao Deshmukh, then Chief Minister of Maharashtra was removed from Chief Ministerial Post and Ashok Chavan was made Chief Minister. As soon as Ashok Chavan was made Chief Minister, Rane protested against Congress Party and its Senior Leaders resulting in suspension from Congress for six years. Later Rane apologize to Congress Chief Sonia Gandhi and was later inducted back into Congress Party and was made Minister for Industry of Maharashtra. Rane has never concealed his intentions and abilities to become the Chief Minister of Maharashtra. He supervised the debut of his two sons- Nitesh and Nilesh in Maharashtras political arena as his political heirs. Vilasrao Deshmukh Vilasrao Dagadojirao Deshmukh (26 May 1945 – 14 August 2012) was an Indian politician who served as Minister of Science and Technology and Minister of Earth Sciences. Vilasrao Deshmukh was a Member of Parliament in Rajya Sabha, India. He has previously held the posts of Minister of Rural Development and Minister of Panchayati Raj,Government of India and Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, Government of India. [2] He was a member of Rajya Sabha representing Maharashtra. Vilasrao Deshmukh was two-time Chief Minister of Maharashtra, from 1999 to 2003 and from 2004 to 2008. He was a member of the Indian National Congress and originally belonged toLatur district in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra. Critically ill with kidney and liver failures, Deshmukh died on 14 August 2012 due to multiple organ failure at Global Hospitals, Chennai. [3][4] Political career Deshmukh entered active politics and became a member of the Babhalgaon (Latur) VillagePanchayat from 1974 to 1980 and its Sarpanch (village chief) from 1974 to 1976. He was a member of Osmanabad Zilla Parishad and Deputy Chairman of Latur Taluka Panchayat Samiti (Latur District Panchayat Committee) from 1974 to 1980. As the President of Osmanabad District Youth Congress from 1975 to 1978, he worked for the implementation of Five Point Programme of the Youth Congress. He organised the youth in Osmanabad district and became the President of District wing of the Indian National Congress. He was a Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from 1980 to 1995 winning the 1980, 1985 and 1990 elections. [5] During this period, he served as the Minister of State and the Cabinet Minister and had the portfolios of the ministries of Home, General Administration, Cooperation, Public Works, Transport, Legislative Affairs, Tourism, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development Fisheries, Industry, Rural Development, Education, Technical Education, Sports and Youth Welfare. He lost the election in 1995 by a margin of 35,000. He was re-elected to the State Legislature from Latur Constituency in the elections held in September 1999 with a strong comeback winning with a margin of nearly 91,000 in two successive elections, the highest in Maharashtra. He took oath as the Chief Minister of Maharashtra on 18 October 1999. He was Chief Minister until 17 January 2003, but had to step down in January 2003 and make way for Sushilkumar Shinde, following factionalism in the state unit of the party. He was re-elected to the Legislative Assembly from Latur Constituency in October 2004. [5]He took oath of Chief Ministership for the second time on 1 November 2004 – 4 December 2008. [6][7] He subsequently entered the Rajya Sabha and was appointed to the Council of Ministers as Union Minister for Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises by Prime MinisterManmohan Singh on 28 May 2009. [8] He was appointed as Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises on 19 January 2011 cabinet reshuffle. [9] Later on he was appointed Minister of Rural Development. He was appointed as Minister of Science and Technologyand Minister of Earth Sciences on 12 July 2011. Sushilkumar Shinde Sushilkumar Sambhajirao Shinde (born 4 September 1941; Solapur, Maharashtra) is an Indian politician from the state of Maharashtra, and the current Minister of Home Affairsin the Manmohan Singh government. He previously served as the Chief Minister of the state of Maharashtra during 18 January 2003 to October 2004. [1] He is also the Leader of the house in Lok Sabha. [2][3][4] Early life and education Shinde was born on 4 September 1941, at Solapur in the present day Indian state of Maharashtra. Shinde completed his education with an honors degree in Arts from Dayanand College, Solapur; and later in law from Shivaji University. [5] Career Shinde started his career as a bailiff in Solapur sessions court, where he served from 1957 till 1965. Later, he joined the Maharashtra State Police as a constable,[6] and served as sub-inspector of police, Maharashtra state C. I. D. for six years. [7] Politics Shinde is a member of the Congress Party. He won the Maharashtra state assembly elections in 1978, 1980, 1985 and 1990. [8] Shinde was elected to Rajya Sabha from Maharashtra during July 1992 to March 1998. [9] In 2002, Shinde lost the election for the post of Vice-President of India contesting against the National Democratic Alliancecandidate Bhairon Singh Shekhawat. He served as the chief minister of Maharashtra from 2003 to 2004 before being appointed as the Governor of Andhra Pradesh on October 30, 2004 replacing Surjit Singh Barnala, who became the Governor of Tamil Nadu. He left the office on January 29, 2006. Shinde was elected unopposed to the Rajya Sabha for second time from Maharashtra on March 20, 2006. [10][11][12] Shinde became the leader of the ruling party in Lok Sabha after his predecessor Pranab Mukherjee was elected President of India. [13] Shinde served as Power minister of India from 2006-2012. Later, he was appointed Home Minister of India in 2012. [14][15] Ashok Chavan Ashok Shankarrao Chavan (born 28 October 1958 (age 55))[1] was the Chief Minister of Maharashtra. Chavan was sworn in on 8 December 2008, after his political party, theIndian National Congress and Vilasrao Deshmukh selected him to be Vilasrao Deshmukhs successor on 5 December 2008. He earlier served as Minister for Cultural Affairs, Industries, Mines and Protocol in Vilasrao Deshmukh government. Chavan is son of former Chief Minister of Maharashtra Shankarrao Chavan and they are the first father–son duo in the states history to become chief ministers. [2][3] Chavan was asked to resign as Chief Minister during a meeting with Congress president, Sonia Gandhi, after it emerged that thre

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WHICH YOU SHALL SPEAK UNTO THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL. YAH said he would make Israel a kingdom of priest, the job of a priest is to minister. If you're a nation of priest who are you going to minister to, not to your fellow country men because they are also priest. Israel was going to be priest unto the world, and teach the world the commandments and laws of the creator. This was and still is the original plan. Even at the second coming of Yahshua, Israel will be used to bring the world into the truth. As it is written in: Zehariah 8:23 THUS SAID YAH OF HOSTS; IN THOSE DAYS IT SHALL COME TO PASS, THAT TEN MEN SHALL TAKE HOLD OUT OF ALL LANGUAGES OF THE NATIONS, EVEN SHALL TAKE HOLD OF HIM THAT IS A HEBREW, SAYING, WE WILL GO WITH YOU FOR WE HAVE HEARD THAT YAH IS WITH YOU. Also i... Free Essays on Isralite Free Essays on Isralite Duty of chosen people The Hebrew nation of Israel is known as the chosen people, but scholars and others never say what they are chosen to do. The bible is very clear about the job of Israel and the reason they were chosen. The chosen people were chosen for one major reason and that is to bring the rest of the sons of Adam into the truth of YHWH (John 4:22, Acs 13:47), the Israelites are not the only ones to get salvation, but it was and is our job to teach the world the truth about the heavenly father and his laws. This is the reason all the apostles, prophets and messiah were Hebrew Israelites. This is also why in Acts 10:6 the angel of Yah told Cornelius the Italian to go to peter the Hebrew Israelite, and he shall tell him what he ought to do. Peter taught Cornelius the full law of Yah (acts 10:33). This angel that told Cornelius to go to peter could have taught him the law, all angels know the laws of Yah. But he didn't because it is the job of Israel to teach the world the ways of the most high. So this angel sent Cornelius to Israel to learn the law. EXODUS 19:6 AND YOU SHALL BE UNTO ME A KINGDOM OF PRIEST AND AN HOLY NATION. THESE ARE THE WORDS WHICH YOU SHALL SPEAK UNTO THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL. YAH said he would make Israel a kingdom of priest, the job of a priest is to minister. If you're a nation of priest who are you going to minister to, not to your fellow country men because they are also priest. Israel was going to be priest unto the world, and teach the world the commandments and laws of the creator. This was and still is the original plan. Even at the second coming of Yahshua, Israel will be used to bring the world into the truth. As it is written in: Zehariah 8:23 THUS SAID YAH OF HOSTS; IN THOSE DAYS IT SHALL COME TO PASS, THAT TEN MEN SHALL TAKE HOLD OUT OF ALL LANGUAGES OF THE NATIONS, EVEN SHALL TAKE HOLD OF HIM THAT IS A HEBREW, SAYING, WE WILL GO WITH YOU FOR WE HAVE HEARD THAT YAH IS WITH YOU. Also i...

How to Self-Publish on Amazon With KDP †The Master Guide

How to Self-Publish on Amazon With KDP - The Master Guide How to Self-Publish a Book on Amazon So, you're an independent author who's ready to put out your newest work - and now you want to know how to self-publish a book on Amazon,  the grand hub of e-commerce and the original online bookstore. In this day and age, there’s no better way to make your book quickly available to the general public, not to mention that  self-publishing  allows you to take home more royalties than traditional publishing.Indeed, self-publishing could be the key to your authorial success  - and we want to help you get there! Which is why we've written this step-by-step tutorial, which will take you through the entire process of self-publishing on Amazon and provide  crucial tips on how to maximize your book’s market appeal. How to self-publish a book on Amazon in 10 simple steps ðŸ“â€" Kindle Direct Publishing Before we dive into the tutorial, let's talk about Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP): Amazon’s self-publishing service. The KDP platform is what you’ll use to put your book up on Amazon. You'll also monitor your sales and stats from your KDP dashboard in the coming weeks and months. In other words, if you’re even remotely considering the Amazon self-publishing route, it’s good to familiarize yourself with KDP first. Here are the answers to the biggest questions you might have about Kindle Direct Publishing:

Prayer in School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Prayer in School - Essay Example I think that the government should be focused on the school's academics, not what religion they are to study. The proposed amendments would cause nothing but trouble considering that there would be many arguments on what beliefs should be taught. Religion is private and schools are public. Having any prayer in school goes against the basis in which our country was formed upon. America came into being because colonists wanted religious freedom. Our founding fathers carefully wrote the constitution to grant the freedom of separation of church and state. A prayer created and supported by a government violate the very essence of the spirit in which the US was formed. It was not until 1962, in the case of Engel v. Vitale, that the Supreme Court ruled that the voluntary prayer used to begin the day in New York public schools was unconstitutional. [Paul D. Kauper, 1963] The prayer, created by the New York Board of Regents, read, "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence on Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our country."[Geoffrey R. Stone, 1983] The decision to ban school-sponsored prayer was "so unpopular that many school districts simply have disregarded it."[Greenawalt] In fact, a 1980 American National Election Study found that 72.1% of Americans believe that schools should be allowed to start each day with a prayer.[Kirk W. Elifson and C. Kirk Hadaway] Since the banning of organized prayer in public schools in 1962, the nation has been in steady moral decline. Divorce rates, teen pregnancy, violent crime, and drug use have all increased. Many school prayer supporters believe there is a direct correlation between the removal of prayer from public schools and the decline of morality. Religious conservatives are convinced that religious influence in the schools is necessary to teach students morals and values. Through their rulings, the court has also defined some times and conditions under which public school students may pray, or otherwise practice a religion at any time before, during or after the school-day, as long as your prayers do not interfere with other students. In meetings of organized prayer or worship groups, either informally or as a formal school organization. Before eating a meal at school -- as long as the prayer does not disturb other students. In some states, student-led prayers or invocations are still delivered at graduations due to lower court rulings. [Geoffrey R Stone] However, the Supreme Court's ruling of June 19, 2000 may bring this practice to an end. Some states provide for a daily "moment of silence" to be observed as long as students are not encouraged to "pray" during the silent period. As society goes we have things we would be better suited addressing than whether or not kids get to go to a crusade. Kids seem to have a better handle on it than we adults. If your kid gets out of school two hours to hear a nondenominational sermon why are you concerned There are far worse things for your kid to get out of school for. If your religion does not believe in a God then your kid should be firmly grounded in your faith that he cannot be swayed by listening to this. [Riley M. Sinder & John K. Lopker] Prayers in public school should be allowed as it may inculcate the belief that God exists. In today's world, many are turning out to be infidel and many are following

Anthropological Research on Ireland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anthropological Research on Ireland - Essay Example With the regard of the location of anthropology in the social science, life science, and humanity the anthropological study of Ireland will predominantly focus on the social uniqueness of the within the culture of the inhabitants of the Ireland. In addition, this research is concerned with the study of cultural and social diversity of the people of the Ireland that will virtually include the aspects of human social activities including material culture or the cognition to economics, kinship, religion, and politics. The study is as well focus in a small community that will be used to give a reflection of a large cultural interaction among the Ireland people. The study aims at incorporating small-scale information seeking that will involve individual biographies and interviews to regional, national, or transitional networks in the understanding of the cultural diversity among the Irish. Geography Ireland is an island that is located to the west of the continent of Europe. This island i s considered to be the third largest among all the islands in Europe and the twentieth among the global island. The largest island within the Great Britain is located to the east of Ireland from, which the island is separated by the Irish Sea (Wilson & Donnan 4). Politically, Ireland is divided into two political territories: the Republic of Ireland that covers approximately less than five sixth of the entire island, and the Northern Ireland that forms part of the United Kingdom that covers the remaining physical part of the island. The Northern Ireland is located to the northeast of the island. The island’s population is approximated at 6.4 million people with less than 4.6 million people living in the Republic of Ireland, and less that 1.8 living in the Northern Ireland (Wilson & Donnan 17). Setting There are relatively low lying mountains that surrounds Ireland, especially the central plain epitomize geography of the island. Ireland also has several navigable rivers with o thers extending inland. The island’s vegetation may be described as lush vegetation, which is considered to have resulted from the island’s mild, but admirable oceanic climate that is characterized by average temperature. The island had historic woodland until in the seventeenth century. Currently, Ireland is regarded as the most deforested areas of the European Continent. The island provides home for twenty six species of mammal that are native to the island (Wilson & Donnan 15). History The Norman inversion of the Thirteenth Century in the middle age paved way for the Gaelic resurgence. The English dominated the island following over sixty years intermittent war that broke out in the Fourteenth Century, or in the 1500s. Notably, the English rule dominated the island after 1603. With the 1960s, a Protestants English rule system was designed to disadvantage, or to demoralize the Protestants dissenters and the Catholics majority (Wilson & Donnan 12). This system was ext ended into the Eighteenth Century. In the year 1802, the island of Ireland was made part of the United Kingdom. The independent war of the Twentieth Century led to the partition of Ireland that created the Irish Free State. This states retained their sovereignty in the decades that followed while the United Kingdom retained the Northern Ireland. The decision of making the Northern Irel

Human Population and the Environment - Urbanization Essay Example for Free

Human Population and the Environment Urbanization Essay Urbanization can simply be seen as the movement and concentration of large populations upon an urban area at the detriment of the rural populous. This is due to a complex set of economic, demographic, social, cultural, technological, and environmental processes (P. Knox, 2009). Our topic narrows down to the correlation of urbanization and the environment. To start with, a number of environmental benefits can be realized due to urbanization; For instance urban areas concentrate large populations in a relatively small area thus there is more free forestry land. Plus a compact, concentrated urban area means more people walking and less number of cars on the road, consequently fewer carbon emissions from usage of cars. Conversely, there are a number of challenges posed to the environment due to urbanization. The mass exodus of people into urban areas have had a strain on infrastructure and led to poor sanitation and housing that leads to environmental degradation. Poor planning leads also leads to air, water and noise pollution due to industries and community settlements. We see this issue addressed in the Moroccan Shelter upgrading in Agadir. Faced with substandard housing and shanty towns inhabited by an ever increasing populous, three projects are set up, one of which is the Tikiouine project that comprises of three housing areas being developed and integrates community participation and responsibility concerning their sewer lines and tertiary water. In addition, the Tilburg city management model offers a sustainable five step integrated approach to administration of social, economic and environmental policies in a city. The Tilburg model implements these policies up to the neighborhood level. Thus ensures that a â€Å"Basic Quality† is maintained and thus minimizing environmental deprivation.

Ancient Indian Architecture :: Papers

Ancient Indian Architecture The Science of Architecture and Civil Construction was known in Ancient India as Sthapatya-Shastra. The word Sthapatya is derived from the root word Sthapana i.e. 'to establish'. The technique of architecture was both a science and an art, hence it is also known as Sthapatya-kala, the word Kala means an art. From very early times the construction of temples, palaces, rest houses and other civil construction was undertaken by professional architects known as Sthapati. Even during the Vedic times, there existed professionals who specialized in the technique of constructing chariots and other heavy instruments of war. These professionals have been referred to in the Rig Veda as Rathakara which literally means 'chariot maker'. The excavations of the ruins at Mohenjodaro and Harrappa (today in Pakistan) proved the existence of a developed Urban civilization in India. The Indus valley civilization is dated around 3000 B.C. Thus since the last 5000 years. India has had an urban civilization. The existence of an urban civilization presumes the existence of well developed techniques of architecture and construction. These techniques would no doubt have had been systematically stated in record books for transmitting them to the later generations as well for being used as reference media for actual construction. Unfortunately, as far as the Indus Valley civilization goes no such records have been preserved either as rock edicts, manuscripts, etc., or in folk tales and legends. But the fact that cities on the scale of Mohenjodaro had been constructed bear testimony to the existence of a systematized and highly developed technique of architecture 5000 years ago. But in the later ages, from about the 7th century B.C., we have both literature references as well as archeological evidences to prove the existence of large urban civilizations in the Ganges Valley. Like in most other sciences, even remotely connected with religion, in architecture also the scientific ideas and techniques have been integrated with philosophy and theology. This was so as the majority of the large constructions were temples.

Biblical World View Essay Essay

In The Essence of the New Testament: A Survey, Towns and Gutierrez, the authors concur with other Biblical scholars understanding that â€Å"the teaching of Romans is not only crucial for Christian theology, but the greatest revivals and reformations throughout the history of Christianity have resulted from an increased understanding and application of the teaching of this epistle† This essay will attempt to summarize how the first 8 chapters of this amazingly written Book of Romans shapes my own personal Biblical worldview. I will first look at 4 areas in which Paul specifically presents clear evidence to his readers of the truth of the Gospel Message. The first area He presents is in regard to the natural world that surrounds all mankind. In Roman’s 1: 19,20 Paul writes â€Å"For what can be known about God is plain to them, because God has shown it to them. Ever since the creation of the world his eternal power and divine nature, invisible though they are, have been understood and seen through the things he has made. † I remember as a child in Sunday school that I was often taught about God by looking at natural world that surrounded me. The sunrise, the rainbow, the oceans and many more wonders that pointed me to a God who was not only very powerful but very loving, too. He gives us rain so the soil can produce food and sunlight to give warmth and water to provide life to every living thing He created. Paul presented this basic truth about God because all mankind can easily relate to the amazing natural world that affects his of her everyday life. God has created an amazing order to His World so man must know that the world they live in is a divine creation. Seeing God in nature is not only evidence for me that He is real, but also I see this natural world as another of the beautiful gifts that He gives us to enjoy. And for me, it is a strong reminder each day that God loves me. The second area Paul focuses on is our own human identity. Man’s identity is built on what he has clearly seen in nature. So, Paul quickly moves to point out that once humans have experienced God’s creation and they choose not to  honor Him â€Å"They are without excuse; for though they knew God, they did not honor Him as God of give thanks to Him, but they became futile in their thinking, and their senseless minds were darkened. † Romans1 :20-21. Paul goes on to list the many sinful ways of the darkened minds that chose not to honor God. The inspired list of sins that Paul declares leaves no room for any man to truly believe that he is without sin. It is in that list of sins that Paul shows the separation of all mankind from God. It is only in that place of acknowledgment of sin that man can begin to understand his or her human identity. My own human identity is shaped more and more each day as I choose to stand before God acknowledging that I am a sinner. I have a world view that is changing to become more understanding of the need to spread the Gospel message because of my increased awareness of my own sin nature. The third and forth areas of Paul’s writing in Romans builds on the first two. Now that mankind has had the obvious evidence of the existence of God in Nature, and now that mankind has seen that he fits somewhere on the list of behaviors that do not honor God, Paul moves on to point out the affects of ungodly living. Mankind began to worship idols, and humans turned against each other as the result of turning their hearts and minds against God. Because of mans’ choice to turn from God, the sinful nature of man was as plain to see in the culture of the day as was the nature of God was plain to see in the natural world He had created. Any man whose heart was not completely heartened could begin to see that Paul†s message about God was full of truth. When I look back at the times in my life when I have lived without God. Or when I live knowing Him without really realizing that He is in control, not me; I begin to feel the emptiness that living without Him brings to me and those around me. Not only emptiness, but sometimes total chaos due to lack of purpose. As I realize my own personal struggles with faith, I can see how this world needs a savior, too! Paul presents evidence of a people and of a culture that has turned from God. As the Jews put themselves above Greeks and dissension grew among so many different cultures, the will of God had become lost. Paul’s writing in Roman’s made clear what God’s will is for mankind. To summarize, Paul presented a biblical world view in Romans that no man could truthfully reject. God can be seen in nature. Just as God can be seen in nature so can the sinful nature of man be seen in culture we live in. All mankind knows this truth in their heart yet all men refuse to totally honor God. â€Å"Since all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God;† Romans 3:23 Paul sets the stage for mankind to accept the Gospel message of forgiveness of sins through Jesus Christ. Thank God for the inspired writing that is the Book of Romans. It can inspire all its’ reader to take a trip on the Roman Road to Salvation.

Narrative Essay on the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay

In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave Frederick Douglass recounts his life of slavery and his eventual flight to freedom. When he was a youngster he was placed in a household in which the naive mistress started to teach him to read. Her efforts were halted by her husband and young Douglass recalled his lecture on the reasons slaves should not be educated. However the brief lessons placed within Douglass the desire to continue to learn, by whatever means possible, to read and to write. He had discovered that education and literacy was to be his â€Å"pathway from slavery to freedom. † Douglass illustrates that literacy is the most important asset a man can ac-quire if he is to achieve life-changing goals. Douglass’ new ambition to become literate had both positive and negative effects. His new desire filled him â€Å"high hope and a fixed purpose† and his life was fundamentally changed from that early time in life. His quest for literacy was fueled with confidence that his future life would be radically different and better once he had mastered reading and writing. However it was not without negative effects as well. The more he learned of slavery the more he hated his own condition and the slave-owners that created it. As his masters became aware of his ability he was constantly watched as they tried to prevent him from reaching his goal. For a slave the path to literacy was very difficult. However the path to literacy led Douglass to consequences he could not have im-agined. An entirely new world was opened for him, and with literacy came knowledge of a life that slaves had been denied. With literacy eventually came knowledge of religion and the great Abolition movement. The greatest consequence of literacy was freedom of the mind and freedom of thought, and literacy became for Douglass the tool with which he would become his own â€Å"master†. Literacy was for Douglass and other slaves a power which they had been denied. Ignorance and illiteracy were tools more powerful than the whip and chains, and were used effectively by the slave-owners to keep slaves in submission. The slave owners un-derstood this and feared literate and educated slaves who would now know there is no truth in the slave-owner’s belief that they â€Å"should know nothing but to obey his master. † Slave owners knew the desire for literacy would spread among the slaves and would be the essential method for their eventual freedom. It was a power the slave owners were not willing to give to their slaves. Douglass defines literacy not only by describing the obvious ability to read and write, but shows true literacy as the ability to understand and communicate thoughts, de-sires, and emotions. Douglass shows literacy as being the true bond between free men and the method to unite against slavery and oppression. Literacy unites man while ignorance and illiteracy keeps man isolated from the rest of the world. Although Narrative was written over one hundred and sixty years ago it still serves as a valid reminder of the power of literacy, which remains the most important as-set a man can acquire. With literacy all things are possible, and without it the illiterate become slaves to ignorance.

Financial accounting Essays

Financial accounting Essays Financial accounting Essay Financial accounting Essay Then the group members critically discussed on how the assignment can be done through the given guideline. Accordingly, we select the base year 2012 and the past four years financial statements. This is important for identification of major changes in trends, and relationships and the investigation of the reasons underlying those changes. Information extracted from the financial statements that can facilitate the conclusion of the analysis was gathered and noted. While it used is historical, our intent is clearly to arrive at recommendations and forecasts for the future rather than provide a picture of the past. The performance of pick n pay is assessed by analyzing of profitability, liquidity, efficiency gearing ratios, and cash flow statement. In this way financial condition of the firm is stated and the segmental analysis on profitability and efficiency conducted for the selected five consecutive years. Based on the outlined and stated statement we have explained the future prospects of the pick n pay for its internal and external financial users such as : Creditors, investors, customers,suppliers and employees. Finally, from the financial statements of the Shoplifter for the year selected as the same for pick n pay financial ratio analysis have been done. Accordingly, the two companies financial performance were compared and summarized. And also, our prospect attention and recommendation of the two businesses were concluded The financial analysis is the selection, evaluation and interpretation of financial data. According to this, from the pick n pay selected years financial statements we analyze uncial data with the respective measurement types of ratio analysis to evaluate the firms overall performance and activities of business operation as follows Notes for calculation of financial ratios are annexed to this report.

The Ultimate Guide to the AP US History Exam

The Ultimate Guide to the AP US History Exam SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The AP US History exam involves reading, writing, and in-depth analysis. It's not just about memorizing names and dates; you'll be asked to interpret historical evidence quickly and accurately, recall outside information about the topic, and, on the essay questions, synthesize your ideas into a coherent argument. In this guide, I'll give you a rundown of the format and structure of the exam along with a brief content outline, sample questions, and some tips for a great score! How Is the AP US History Exam Structured? The AP US History testin 2016 will be administered on Friday, May 6th at 8 AM. It hasmultiple-choice, short answer, and free-response sections, and the total length is 3 hours and 15 minutes. The Multiple-Choice Section Is: 55 minutes long 55 questions 40 percent of your score Formatted in sets of two to five questions that are based on the provided pieces of historical evidence The Short-Answer Section Is: 50 minutes long Four questions 20 percent of your score Questions have multiple parts and will usually reference pieces of historical evidence The Free-Response Section Is: Comprised of two questions: Document-based question An essay based on a prompt that's accompanied by a series of relevant historical documents 55 minutes 25 percent of your score Long essay question Regular essay question where you get to choose between two different prompts 35 minutes for the long essay question 15 percent of your score On the free-response section, you will be told when 55 minutes are up and advised to move on to the second question, but you aren’t forced to do so. Time management is one of the major challenges of this test! Content Background for the AP US History Exam There are seven themes addressed inthe AP US History course, and all of them will show up in one form or another on the exam.Each represents a subset of learning objectives that students are expected to master.You can read more about the learning objectives in the course description;here I’ll just give a broad overview of the major themes: Theme 1: American and National Identity How and why definitions of American and national identity and values have developed. Related topics such as citizenship, constitutionalism, foreign policy, assimilation, and American exceptionalism. Theme 2: Politics and Power How different social and political groups have influenced society and government in the United States. How political beliefs and institutions have changed over time. Theme 3: Work, Exchange, and Technology Factors behind systems of economic exchange and development, including the role of technology, economic markets, and government. Theme 4: Culture and Society The roles that ideas, beliefs, social mores, and creative expression have played in shaping the United States. How various identities, cultures, and values have been preserved or changed at different stages in U.S. History. Theme 5: Migration and Settlement Why and how the various people who moved to and within the United States both adapted to and transformed their new environments. Theme 6: Geography and the Environment The role of geography and environments (natural and man-made) on social and political developments in the United States. Theme 7: America in the World Interactions between nations that affected North American history in the colonial period. The influence of the United States on world affairs. These themes are discussed across nine different historical periods, each of which corresponds to a certain percentage of questions on the AP exam: Sample AP US History Questions Now that you have a sense of the test content, I'll present you with sample questions to give you a better idea of what it actually looks like! Multiple-Choice Question For multiple choice, you’re given one or two pieces of historical evidence followed by a set of questions that ask you to do some analysis.The US History exam is less about knowing specific dates and names and more about being able to draw conclusions and connect themes based on materials provided by the test. First, let’s read the (disturbing) statement we’re considering for this question: Hammond refers to slaves as â€Å"fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge† and goes on to say that it is â€Å"in the interest of all...to treat our slaves with proper kindness.†This is a statement typical of many southern slaveowners at the time.In his view, he has been entrusted by God to take care of his slaves because they are lower in the natural hierarchy.He talks about treating them with kindness to make it seem like slavery helps everyone. Southerners believed they were doing their slaves a favor by treating them well within the slave system because slaves weren’t capable of handling freedom. Now, we'll examine our choices: Choice (A) can be ruled out because there is nothing in the statement that indicates a reaction to the development of gradual emancipation laws. Hammond isdefending slavery in a broader moral sense. Choice (B) is incorrect because there is no relationship between the statement and development of stronger slave codes.Hammond talks about treating his slaves well and is clearly trying to ignore the increased unrest within the slave system. Choice (C) should be eliminated as well.Although Hammond is making a moral argument for slavery that could be considered a counter to activists’ moral arguments against it, there isn’t a direct enough connection between the quote and the trend described in this answer choice. Finally, let’s look at choice (D), which is the correct answer.This is the only choice that makes a DIRECT connection between the point of view expressed in the excerpt and the social/political trends of the time.Hammond’s statement is an individual piece of evidence that serves to demonstrate the larger movement of southerners touting slavery as a â€Å"positive good† benefitting both slaves and masters. Short-Answer Question Short answer questions are technically considered part of the multiple-choice section because they are so much less involved than the essay questions.Although they do have multiple parts, you don’t have to come up with a thesis (one sentence answers are ok). They're about succinctly connecting themes and reference materials to specific events or trends. Here’s an example: For part (A), you would need to provide a brief explanation of the aspects of the cartoon that express the artist’s point of view on a particular economic topic. For example:The artist expresses the view that industrial capitalism is an exploitative and unfair system in which underpaid laborers work hard to build the basis on which wealthy capitalists lounge around and enjoy lives of luxury. For part (B), you would need to describe a specific development between 1865 and 1910 that supports the artist’s viewpoint. For example:Newly rich businessmen such as Gould or Vanderbilt quickly rose to prominence and lived lavish lifestyles funded by huge corporate monopolies. For part (C), you would need to describe another specific development within the same time period that challenges the artist’s viewpoint. For example:A more industrialized economy brought benefits to many people in society through access to cheaper commodities, new technologies, and improvements in the standard of living. Document-Based Question These are the instructions you’ll see for the document-based question: The question itself is a short prompt that gives you a lens through which to view the sample documents.You’re given seven different documents to examine, and, to earn full credit, you have to use at least six of them as evidence for your thesis in your answer. Documents range from transcripts of folk songs to excerpts from letters and newspapers to demographic maps.I won’t list all the documents that were presented for this specific question, but here are a couple so you can get a sense of the variety you’ll see on the exam: There are several components of a solid response to this question: Thesis The thesis must clearly address patterns of continuity and change over time with regards to the social and economic experiences of African Americans who migrated North in the early 1900s.Don’t make it hard for the graders to find your thesis; the best place to put it is right at the end of your first paragraph. Here's an example:As many African Americans migrated North in the period from 1910 to 1930, they encountered both new and familiar challenges, including the hostility of white northerners, barriers to employment, and housing segregation. Evidence At least six out of seven documents (and preferably all seven!) should be used as evidence in your essay. Also, atleast one of the following should be examined in the essay for four or more of the documents: the author’s point of view, the author’s purpose, the intended audience, and the historical context. Analysis and Connections The essay must draw connections between documents or parts of documents to build an argument.You should also observe in your essay that documents reflect differences in point of view, audiences, formats, etc.Paying attention to the context is critical for an appropriate historical reading (for example, document 4 is written for a white audience by a white author, so that should inform the way its statements are viewed). Outside Knowledge Your essay should also include knowledge that extends beyond the documents themselves and strengthens your argument. Caution:DON’T start fact-vomiting all over this essay. Make sure what you’re saying is directly relevant to your argument.One historical trend you might mention specifically is the rise of legalized social segregation in the South (impact ofPlessy v. Ferguson).You could also note that the evidence in the documents provided does not reference the Harlem Renaissance, which was an important development in the experience of many African Americans in the urban North during the 1920s. Context Your essay shouldalsoconnect the issues raised by the documents to broader discussions of racism in U.S. history.You could talk about things like: The transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy Different motivations that have influenced migration within the U.S. Development of housing patterns in urban environments Long Essay Question For your long essay, you will be able to choose between two prompts.Here’s an example of a potential prompt: Your answer should include many of the same elements as your answer to the document-based question, but there are no documents to analyze and reference, so you have less time to write.This question also asks you to take a more solid argumentative stance for or against a certain claim. The first thing you should do is decide whether you support, partially support, or totally disagree with the argument presented in the question.Then, write a thesis that makes your point of view clear and briefly references examples you will use to support it in the body of your essay. If you chose to support the statement, your essay might include the following points: The New Deal was a conservative measure taken to preserve a capitalist economy in the US by lessening the negative effects of capitalism and mitigating weaknesses within the system. It represented a desire to change things as little as possible while maintaining the economic status quo. No programs in the New Deal led to fundamental redistribution of land and wealth, so most elements of the capitalist system were unchanged. If you instead decided to argue against the statement, your essay might include the following points: The New Deal was a dramatic departure from the role government had played in the US economy up to that point. Programs were revolutionary in that they provided relief to people who were struggling, curbed corporate abuses, and sought to protect the environment. Alternatively, you could say that the New Deal was revolutionary in a negative way; the government veered too far into socialism and worsened the effects of the depression for people like business owners. You could mention the more far-reaching benefits and drawbacks of the New Deal to provide additional evidence for your point (greater financial security for people in the long run as a result of New Deal programs). You could also modify the original statement by saying that the New Deal was a moderate measure that fell between conservatism and revolution (the partial agreement option).More extreme factions of conservative and progressive groups were either alarmed at the dramatic changes or dissatisfied with a policy that fell short of complete economic restructuring. Whatever your argument, you must include specific references to historical events or trends of the period for context (for example, you might mention conservative fiscal policies of presidents before Roosevelt and the causes of the Great Depression). One of FDR's quirks was that he always had to be painted completely green from head to toe before being seen in public. Using this strategy, he successfully prevented people from noticing his wheelchair for years. How Is the AP US History Exam Scored? On the multiple-choice section (55 raw points possible), you get a point added to your raw score for each question that you answer correctly. No points are taken off for incorrect answers!Each short-answer question is worth three points, so there are 12 raw points possible in the short-answer section. The document-based question is scored based on the following criteria (seven raw points possible): Thesis and argument: 2 points Document analysis: 2 points Using evidence beyond the documents: 2 points Synthesis: 1 point The long essay question is scored based on the following criteria (six raw points possible): Thesis: 1 point Argument development: using the targeted historical thinking skills: 2 points Argument development: using evidence: 2 points Synthesis: 1 point On essay questions, points are taken off for errors only if they detract from the quality of the argument being made (basically, don’t make up historical facts to support an argument).Grammatical errors are not a big deal as long as they don't inhibit the grader's ability to understand what your essay is saying. The total number of raw points you can earn on the test is 80: 55 on the multiple choice, 12 on the short answer, seven on the DBQ, and six on the long essay.Raw scores can be converted to scaled scores out of 150. Multiply your raw score (out of 55) on the multiple-choice section by 1.1 to get your scaled multiple choice score. Then, multiply your raw score (out of 12) on the short answer-section by 2.5 to get your scaled short answer score.Multiply your raw score (out of seven) on the document-based question by 5.4 to get your scaled DBQ score.Multiply your raw score (out of six) on the long essay question by 3.75 to get your scaled long essay question score. Then, add all of the scores together to get your final scaled score! Here’s a chart to show you approximately how the scaled scores translate to final AP scores: Scaled Score AP Score Percentage of Students in 2015 115 - 150 5 9.3% 90 - 114 4 17.8% 65 - 89 3 23.6% 44 - 64 2 25% 0 - 43 1 24.3% I made my best estimates based on other AP score conversion charts because there was no official scaled to AP score conversion chart online for the latest version of the exam.Your teacher or review book may have a more accurate score conversion system that you can use for official practice tests. Tips for the AP US History Exam AP US History is a grueling test that requires intense critical thinking and analytical skills.Here are some tips you should remember if you hope to do well: Tip #1: Accurate Facts Aren’t Always Correct Answers Many multiple-choice questions will list answers that are accurate representations of historical events or trends but don’t directly respond to the question being asked. Be wary of these answers on the test so that you don’t accidentally choose them over more relevant responses.In the multiple choice question I gave as an example, one incorrect choice was â€Å"The expanding use of moral arguments by Northern antislavery activists.†At the time referenced in the question, this was a real trend that occurred, but it doesn’t relate directly to the excerpt that was referenced. That means it’s still the wrong answer.Don’t let these types of choices confuse you; adhere to the particulars of the question and the evidence presented! Tip #2: Details Are Important: Read Excerpts Carefully! Most of this exam is based on historical reference materials.You won’t be able to answer questions correctly without reading carefully.Even if you know everything there is to know about US History, that knowledge will mostly just serve to contextualize the evidence presented on the test.The specific details found in the writings and images will ultimately reveal the best answer choice. Tip #3: Plan Before You Write It’s critical to write well-organized, focused essays on the AP US History test.A clear thesis is the first thing on the agenda.Then, you need to make sure the rest of your essay ties back into your thesis and provides relevant evidence throughout.If you jump into writing an essay without taking the time to organize your thoughts, you’re more likely to ramble or get off-topic from the main focus of the question. For the document-based question, you’re encouraged to spend 15 of the 55 minutes planning how to organize your thoughts and use the different documents as evidence.You have less time for the long essay question, but you should still spend five minutes or so writing a brief outline before you start your final draft. Tip #4: Use Outside Evidence Wisely It’s a smart idea to incorporate additional background knowledge into your responses on the test.It shows that you’ve mastered the material and can connect themes to what you learned in class and not just what was presented to you in the question.However, don’t include outside knowledge unless it bolsters your argument.If you’re just sticking it in there to prove how much you know, your essay will lack focus, and you may lose points.That’s why it’s so important to plan ahead; in the planning stage, you can think of examples that tie into your thesis and strategically place them throughout your essay in ways that contribute to your point. Be wise, like an owl. Not necessarily this one...it looks like it lost its grip on reality a long time ago. Conclusion The AP US History exam is one of the longer AP tests, and it has four different types of questions! You'll see multiple-choice, short answer, document-based, and long essay questions on this test. The main thread running through the entire exam is an emphasis on analyzing historical evidence and applying outside knowledge in context. In your studying, you will need to learn to connect the five themes of the course to events spanning 500 years of North American history. To recap, some study tips that I recommend include: Don't mistake accurate facts for correct answers Always read excerpts carefully Plan before writing your essays Use outside evidence strategically Make sure you practice all the different types of questions with official materials before you sit down to take the real test. If you get used to thinking about history in an analytical, evidence-based context, you should have no problem earning a high AP score! What's Next? Looking for more practice materials? Check out our article on the best online quizzes you can take to prepare for the AP US History test! Review books can be extremely helpful tools in preparing for AP tests. If you can't decide which one to get,take a look at this list of the best review books for the AP US History exam in 2016. Did you lose some of your notes? Head on over to this article for links to AP US History notes on every section of the course. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

An Experience Demonstrating the Leadership Essay

An Experience Demonstrating the Leadership - Essay Example My friend died three years ago. He was not my closest friend. He was not a genius. He was not an extraordinary person whose very absence resonates through the universe. Nor was he a person who was important to me during his life. He was an ordinary boy who left no mark on this good earth. He died in an accident, and is missed by his family and friends just like any other person would be. And yet his death left its impact on me.  He was, in every sense of the word, ordinary. When I saw his sister at the funeral, however, I realized how unordinary he had been. She was a complete wreck. Her whole body was convulsing from the sheer weight of her pain. I realized that day that we spend our entire lives being â€Å"ordinary† and yet there is always that one soul which forgets how to survive without us. And we never realize it. It’s a remarkable thing, to touch people so and be touched by them thusly. I decided then that I would stop living ordinary, and embrace extraordinar y.  By extraordinary I only mean that which is not routine, which taxes my efforts. The challenge has been the discovery of my path, and how I struggle each day to remain on it. It’s hard, not succumbing to ordinary. Only two weeks ago I had to force myself not to do what I would have done in my past. My family disapproves of my sister’s marriage. They hadn’t spoken in months. It was her second anniversary two weeks ago and I had two options; either to continue as I’ve been or to do something about it. I decided on the latter. I spoke with my parents about throwing a surprise party for her. Speaking proved to be entirely useless. I then spend a good part of an entire two days persuading them, blackmailing them, trying to coerce them. Nothing worked.